Outlining an Informative Speech: Anabolic Steroids

| Outlining an Informative SpeechAnabolic Steroids in Sports| | | OUTLINE OF SPEECH ATTENTION-GETTING OPENER An athlete is a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina. Athletes train and practice year-round to prepare for the competition and challenges. Most high school, college, amateur and professional athletes participate in sports for the opportunity to pit their abilities against those of their peers, and to experience the satisfaction that comes from playing to their potential. Others do so to satisfy a desire for recognition and fame.Unfortunately all this creates some athletes who are determined to win at any cost. Have you heard or know of anyone who has used anabolic steroids? PREVIEW Today I will give you some interesting facts about the use of anabolic steroids in sports. I Description and definition II Reasons for using III Famous Athletes IV Effects V Solutions BODY TRANSITION: To better understand m y report, first we should know what anabolic steroids are. I Description and definition A. A group of usually synthetic hormones that are derivatives of testosterone, are used medically especially to promote tissue growth B.Are sometimes abused by athletes to increase the size and strength of their muscles and improve endurance C. Non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most major sports organizations D. In January 2005, the Anabolic Steroid Control Act was amended with the Controlled Substance Act that added anabolic steroids to the list of controlled substances and makes possession of the substances a federal crime TRANSITION: You may be asking by now, what are the reasons that make athletes use these drugs? II Reasons for using A. To gain advantage B. Lack of self esteem C.Peer, competitive, fan and media pressure TRANSITION: Now, I will mention some famous athletes that used, during their careers and competitions, anabolic steroids. I’m sure you know most of them. III Famous Athletes who used anabolic steroids A. Heidi Krieger B. Ben Johnson C. Mark McGwire D. Florence Griffith Joyner E. Brian Bosworth F. Arnold Schwarzenegger G. John Kordic H. Danny Harris I. Lyle Alzado TRANSITION: Ok, I will now proceed to mention some of the harmful effects that this drug has on the athletes that use and abuse them. IV Effects A. Damage to the kidneys and liver B.Alteration of the balance of the natural hormones C. Some male users form breasts D. Serious acne problems E. When used by teens it can cause stunted growth F. Genital changes, water retention, yellow eyes, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and changes in cholesterol levels G. Ligament injuries and sterility H. Women run the risk of male pattern baldness I. Coma and death J. HIV transmission K. Withdrawal symptoms L. Depression TRANSITION: After mentioning the harmful effects, I will explain some solutions that should be taken to reduce the use of this dangerous drug by all athletes.V Solutions A. Legal 1. Restrictive laws 2. Penalties B. Education: Change of athlete’s attitude 3. Thorough knowledge of the sport's physical demands and requirements 4. Maintenance of a healthy lifestyle 5. Appreciation of the satisfaction that comes from participation TRANSITION: After my presentation, you should now understand why some athletes use anabolic steroids and the effects this drug has on them. SUMMARY Now, you understand the most important facts of anabolic steroids in sports. I Description and definition II Reasons for using III Famous Athletes IV EffectsV Solutions Concluding Remarks In conclusion, any athlete of any age should be educated in light of the hazard and negative effects that the anabolic steroids has on a body. Some athletes persist in taking them, believing that these substances provide a competitive advantage. But beyond the issues of popularity or legality is the fact that anabolic steroids can cause serious physical and psycholo gical side effects. ACTUAL SPEECH INTRODUCTION I. An athlete is a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina.Athletes train and practice year-round to prepare for the competition and challenges. Most high school, college, amateur and professional athletes participate in sports for the opportunity to pit their abilities against those of their peers, and to experience the satisfaction that comes from playing to their potential. Others do so to satisfy a desire for recognition and fame. Unfortunately all this creates some athletes who are determined to win at any cost. Have you heard or know of anyone who has used anabolic steroids? II. Today I will give you some interesting facts about the use of anabolic steroids in sports.A. Description and definition B. Reasons for using C. Famous Athletes D. Effects E. Solutions TRANSITION: To better understand my report, first we should know what anabolic steroids are. BODY Ana bolic steroids are â€Å"any of a group of usually synthetic hormones that are derivatives of testosterone, are used medically especially to promote tissue growth, and are sometimes abused by athletes to increase the size and strength of their muscles and improve endurance†. Non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most major sports organizations.In January 2005, the Anabolic Steroid Control Act was amended with the Controlled Substance Act that added anabolic steroids and prohormones (a precursor to a hormone) to the list of controlled substances and makes possession of the substances a federal crime. TRANSITION: You may be asking by now, what are the reasons that make athletes use these drugs? TRANSITION: Now, I will mention some famous athletes that used, during their careers and competitions, anabolic steroids. I’m sure you know most of them. Over the years many professional athletes have been focus of the media, after being caught using anabol ic steroids.To name only a few, here are some examples. Heidi Krieger proved herself one of the world's top athletes in the 1980s, winning medal after medal in the shot put for East Germany. Heidi Krieger, the 1986 European women's shot-put champion, became Andreas Krieger after a sex-change operation in 1997. He said he had been fed so many steroids by his coaches without his knowledge that physical and emotional problems began. We remember when Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Many athletes that were seen as heroes had their problems with anabolic use.Good examples of athletes that were made to look like heroes were Mark McGwire and Florence Griffith Joyner. Flo Jo was suspected of drug abuse when she won her gold medals in the Olympics. She was tested ten years after the Olympics and came up negative, but most steroids are out of a person's system within weeks. She was idolized by millions, so no other discussions came up on the topic of her drug use until her death. She was said to have died in a fit of epileptic seizures. Later investigations showed she died of cardiac problems, a health problem that can be brought on by steroid use.According to CBS News, other examples of professional athletes that used steroids were Brian Bosworth, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and John Kordic. American Danny Harris ranked number one in the hurdles in 1991, failed a drug test, and was suspended for four years. The best known case of steroid use was Lyle Alzado. Lyle, the former defensive end, had an inoperable brain tumor that left his once-massive body ravaged. He blames years of heavy use of steroids and human growth hormones. Alzado took steroids almost daily for nearly 20 years. This prolonged use killed him.TRANSITION: Ok, I will now proceed to mention some of the harmful effects that this drug has on the athletes that use and abuse them. The negative effects of this drug are many. Some of the negative effects of the drugs are damage to the kidneys and liver. A person can also alter the balance of the natural hormones. This can cause detrimental affects to the body. The effects of your natural hormones being out of balance can last several years after being off the drugs. Some male users form breasts due to the use of steroids. Because of the increase in testosterone, steroids can cause serious acne problems.When used by teens it can cause stunted growth. Other side effects include genital changes, water retention, yellow eyes, coronary artery disease, ligament injuries, high blood pressure, and changes in cholesterol levels, sterility and liver disease. The list goes on and on. Women that use steroids run the risk of male pattern baldness. Some effects of steroids are even worse. Some people fall into comas after injecting the drugs, some may even die from the injections. Sometimes, athletes who use anabolic steroids may share the needles, syringes or other equipment they use to inject these drugs.By sharing ne edles, syringes or other equipment, a person becomes a high risk for HIV transmission. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Athletes who use steroids can also experience withdrawal symptoms when they quit. The symptoms include mood swings, depression, fatigue and irritability, loss of appetite, insomnia, and aggression. Depression can even lead to suicide attempts, if untreated. TRANSITION: After mentioning the harmful effects, I will explain some solutions that should be taken to reduce the use of this dangerous drug by all athletes.The attitude of winning at any cost embraced by some athletes must be redirected and replaced by personal dedication to the sport; a thorough knowledge of the sport's physical demands and requirements; maintenance of a healthy lifestyle; and, an appreciation of the satisfaction that comes from participation. Our athletes should be educated since their early age about the effects and consequences of using anabolic steroids. There should be also restrictive laws and penalties for the athletes that are caught using this drug, no matter their fame or money.TRANSITION: After my presentation, you should now understand why some athletes use anabolic steroids and the effects this drug has on them. CONLUSION I. Now, you understand the most important facts of anabolic steroids in sports. a. Description and definition b. Reasons for using c. Famous Athletes d. Effects e. Solutions II. In conclusion, any athlete of any age should be educated in light of the hazard and negative effects that the anabolic steroids has on a body. Some athletes persist in taking them, believing that these substances provide a competitive advantage.But beyond the issues of popularity or legality is the fact that anabolic steroids can cause serious physical and psychological side effects. VISUAL AIDS 1. List of ideas a. Power point presentation of pictures of anabolic steroids, famous athletes that have used the drug, and their pictures before and after using them. b. Short captions or tapes of the athletes during their performances. 2. Power point, because the captions or tapes can be inserted in the presentation. 3. The visual aid could be used as guide in each of the transitions.

Program Development and Evaluation Essay

Early Childhood Education focuses on the education, language, culture, development and care of young children. As a profession, Early Childhood Education has emerged as one of the major vehicles for child-advocacy in the provision of accessible, high-quality child care and pre-school education. Child care, in this society of increasingly busy working couples, is an important service in the community. Whether it is called child care, kindergarten, preschool, a developmental learning center, a child development center, or one of many other names, they are all providing the important service of caring for our precious children. The increased demand for early childhood education services is partly due to the increased recognition of the crucial importance of experiences during the earliest years of life. Children’s experiences during early childhood not only influence their later functioning in school but can have effects throughout life. For example, current research demonstrates the early and lasting effects of children’s environments and experiences on brain development and cognition (Chugani, Phelps, & Mazziotta, 1987). Positive, supportive relationships, important during the earliest years of life, appear essential not only for cognitive development but also for healthy emotional development and social attachment (Stern, 1985). The preschool years are an optimum time for development of fundamental motor skills, language development (Dyson & Genishi, 1993), and other key foundational aspects of development that have lifelong implications. In Australia, early childhood educational programs cover a 0-8 years age range. In the state of New South Wales, Kindergarten is the first year of compulsory schooling thus it is governed by the NSW Department of Education and Training and the curriculum content governed by the NSW Board of studies. Child care, on the other hand refers to the care of infants (ages 0-5) by other people during specific periods when the parents are at work. With this set-up, different programming methods are employed. The difference between child care and kindergarten is that kindergarten is an educational experience while child care tends to be care giving so that both parents can work. Good child care programs offer experienced, well-educated teachers who promote children’s cognitive and social development. Kindergarten programs, on the other hand, have set programming standards that are based on the curriculum content governed by the NSW Board of studies. However, in the light that infants and up to kindergarten age belong to the early childhood category, it is best that programming should be the same. It should be able to provide the necessary resources to ensure that every student is offered a high-quality learning environment that prepares a child for further schooling. The purpose of this paper is to present the basis that programming for all early childhood educational programs in NSW should, for the most part, be the same regardless of the setting in which the program exists. Main Body Programming is the process of setting an order and time for planned events or activities. It is the designing, scheduling, or planning of a program. In a formal education setting, syllabus is prepared to outline the set of activities or programs. In NSW schools, teaching and learning programs and the assessing and reporting of student achievement relate directly to the learning outcomes and curriculum content provided in the NSW Board of Studies K-6 syllabuses. As clearly stated in the K-6, programming for kindergarten falls under this curriculum. These syllabuses are grouped into six key learning areas (KLAs). Creative and Practical Arts English Human Society and Its Environment Mathematics Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Science and Technology (Retrived Aug. 31,2006 from http://www. curriculumsupport. education. nsw. gov. au/primary/index. htm) The Board of Studies develops a syllabus for each of the learning areas. Along with a defined aim, each syllabus has a set of objectives and outcomes, expressed in terms of knowledge and understandings, skills, values and attitudes. On the other hand, mostly day care in NSW are managed by community organizations, local councils or private operators. These day care and other children’s services are licensed by the Department of Community Services. NSW Department of Education and Training employs an early childhood trained teacher and a teacher’s aide in each preschool class. Teachers plan an educational program, which nurtures each child’s self esteem, well being and development. The preschool or day care program is designed to stimulate children’s thinking, communicating, investigating, exploring and problem solving skills. Children are encouraged to join in physical activities and to develop good health and safety habits. The program includes play based activities that help children learn how to interact positively with other children and to recognize and accept their own feelings and those of others. The program also supports the development of early language, literacy and numerical skills. In terms of child upbringing however, it is always advocated that child care is inherently inferior to parental care. However, independent studies suggest that good child care for non-infants is not harmful. In some cases, good child care can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. A study appearing in Child Development in July/August 2003 found that the amount of time spent in child care before four-and-a-half tended to correspond with the child’s tendency to be less likely to get along with others, to be disobedient, and to be aggressive, although still within the normal. On the other hand, bad child care puts the children at physical, emotional and attachment risk. As a matter of social policy, child care should also be regulated by the government so as to ensure quality early childhood education. A good early childhood education program should instruct children in different skill areas that they would need in further schooling. Such skill areas include learning to read, to do math, to progress in science, and to understand the world and how it works. Through early childhood education programs, children are able to become familiar with books, words, language use, numbers and problem solving, as well as important social skills (paying attention in class and peer relationships). Through all these activities, teachers should create positive relationships through warm, sensitive, and responsive care, which will help children feel valued and gain more from their learning experiences. Children need positive relationships so that they feel comfortable and learn how to cooperate with others. This is where skilled early childhood educators should come in. Early childhood care and kindergarten education need teachers who are educated enough to handle young children from infancy through age six. Relationships between teachers and families are also important, and help build environments that nurture children’s growth and development. Children observe the interactions between caregivers and their parents, and what they observe in these interactions is used to build their own relationship with these new adults in their lives. This is a process called social referencing (Hutchins & Sims, 1999). There are many ways that quality early childhood programs build relationships with children and among teachers and adults. In visiting a program, how teachers interact with the children fostering positive relationships is clearly seen. Classrooms are welcoming to all children, and children are encouraged to join the group. Teachers communicate with children in a warm manner, including laughing and showing affection, and responding to their needs. Teachers use a gentle tone of voice with children, and bend down to speak with them at eye level. Teachers provide a balance of group activities and one-on-one activities, to encourage children to develop both group and individual relationships. Children in turn have opportunities to play and interact with other children, who help them build friendships and develop social skills, such as working together and taking turns. In good child care program, infants get individual attention from teachers, who communicate with smiles and other nonverbal behavior, and also talk with them, so that infants start to recognize and understand words. Quality early childhood programs foster positive relationships – among the children, between children and adults, and among teachers and families – to help children get a great start on learning. In view of the need to acquire good educators, the development of professional standards for teachers has grown in importance in the field of education in Australia and overseas. At the national level, development of the National Framework for Professional Standards for Teaching is a key initiative. The Competency Framework for Teachers was created and standards were developed by national teaching associations for English, Mathematics and Science. This Framework is the product of a comprehensive consultation process involving teachers, professional associations, tertiary institutions, the Australian Education Union and other key stakeholders. The Competency Framework for Teachers articulates the complex nature of teaching by describing three professional elements of teachers’ work: attributes, practice and knowledge. These elements work in an interrelated way as they are put into practice in classrooms. Early childhood professionals working in diverse situations and resources are responsible for implementing practices that are developmentally appropriate for the children they serve. These teachers have an ethical responsibility to practice, to the best of their ability, according to the standards of their profession. They are required to acquire the knowledge and practical skills needed to practice through college-level specialized preparation in early childhood education/child development. Moreover, aside from teachers, administrators of early childhood programs are also encouraged to acquire necessary skills in maintaining good practices in their field. In addition to management and supervision skills, administrators have appropriate professional qualifications, including training specific to the education and development of young children, and they provide teachers time and opportunities to work collaboratively with colleagues and parents. Providing appropriate curriculums or programs to meet the desires of individual children who learn at different rates and in different ways needs much skill and knowledge from the educator or teacher. In planning the everyday program a wide range of teaching strategies will be needed that involve individual, and large and small group activities. Not simply should the provision offer children opportunities for a broad range of creative and ingenious play activities, but there must be sufficient time and space to permit children to develop and extend their play, sometimes alone and at times in the company of other children or an adult. Programs have changed in response to social, economic, and political forces. However, these changes have not always taken into account the basic developmental needs of young children, which have remained constant. Programs should be tailored to meet the needs of children, rather than expecting children to adjust to the demands of a specific program. In the Hyson, Hirsh-Pasek, and Rescorla study (1990), pre-school children enrolled in child-initiated programs displayed lower levels of test anxiety than children enrolled in academic programs, regardless of parental preferences for classroom approaches. In the second study (Burts et al. , 1990), children in inappropriate classrooms exhibited more total stress behaviors throughout the day and more stress behaviors during group times and workbook/worksheet activities. Early childhood teaching is simply and completely about children and their well being. The tenet that each child is unique is basic in early childhood philosophy. It is very important therefore that early childhood educators should plan flexible programs that accommodate individual growth. Additionally, an early childhood perspective acknowledges the importance of providing children with opportunities to interact, understand and cooperate in groups (Day & Drake, 1986). In view of these arguments, the principle of programming in the framework of the KLA and in the context of a formal academic education should not yet be employed in the early childhood education, in particular, kindergarten class. The Curriculum for early childhood education must be subjected to vigilant evaluation. The program should see children as active learners, supporting them to become self-determining, being problem solvers and decision makers. It should not be a stiff program but offers a framework for children’s learning. Though it has much in common with usual nursery practice, it places greater accountability upon children for planning and executing their own actions. Working on an idea of the plan, do and review, the environment is arranged so that it optimizes children’s learning, using key experiences to examine and plan for the individual needs of children, for instance adult-child communication strategies, partnership with parents, observation and record keeping. The key experiences embedded concept of active learning are: †¢ Using language such as depicting objects, events and relations; †¢ Active learning such as controlling, transforming and mixing materials; †¢ Characterizing ideas and experiences such as role playing, pretending; †¢ Developing rational reasoning such as learning to label, match and sort objects; †¢ Understanding time and space such as evoking and anticipating events, learning to get things in the classroom. (Curtis, A. , 1999) These key experiences not only offer the framework for planning and evaluating activities but also facilitate the staff to guide children from one learning incident to another. They suggest questions to put to the children and facilitate staff to assess children’s development and offer a basis for discussion with the parents. To achieve individually appropriate programs for young children, early childhood teachers must work in partnership with families and communicate regularly with the children’s parents. During early childhood, children are largely dependent on their families for identity, security, care, and a general sense of well being. Communication between families and teachers helps build mutual understanding and guidance, and provides greater consistency for children. Joint planning between families and teachers facilitates major socialization processes, such as toilet learning, developing peer relationships, and entering school. Mutual sharing of information and insights about the individual child’s needs and developmental strides help both the family and the program. Regular communication and understanding about child development form a basis for mutual problem solving about concerns regarding behavior and growth. Teachers seek information from parents about individual children. Teachers promote mutual respect by recognizing and acknowledging different points of view to help minimize confusion for children. The positive attributes of parent/teacher relationships are relatively easy to develop when teachers and parents have the same backgrounds, speak the same languages, share values and goals for children, and, in general, like one another. Parents are also more likely to relate to their children’s caregivers and teachers in positive ways, and are aware of the conditions under which the staff is working. For both parents and teachers, continuity of the children’s educational experience is critical to their development. Such continuity results from communication both horizontally, as children change programs within a given year, and vertically, as children move on to other settings. As such, programming of early childhood education should be based more on creative learning and not on rigid academic programs and they should be the same from child care to kindergarten. Lastly, the community and the society at large also have a stake in the quality of early childhood programs. Early childhood education entails an informed community willing to act upon the idea that high quality early education is necessary for future generations (Pascall, C. and Bertram, T. , 1997). When early childhood programs succeed in getting children off to a good start, families, schools, and communities will be strengthened. Children will grow up to be responsible, law abiding and productive citizens who will contribute to the country’s progress. In this sense, posterity itself eventually reaps the benefits of high-quality early educational experiences. Conclusion Curriculums and programs are frequently viewed only in terms of the product or the content to be taught. It is far more encompassing than this, though. The curriculum should also be considered in terms of the processes linking to learning and teaching, the objectives that both teachers and learners hold, the contradictory social and cultural experiences’ learners and teachers bring, and the realities that occur from classroom interactions and situations. In early childhood education, set programming standards that are based on academic formal structure and being practiced in classrooms should not be employed. Teaching and learning programs and the assessing and reporting of student achievement that relates directly to the learning outcomes and curriculum content provided in the NSW Board of Studies K-6 syllabuses is not yet applicable and favorable for very young minds. Instead, programs and teaching practices in early childhood settings should be more responsive to the needs and interests of the children. Programs should include a plan of activities that matches the children’s needs and promotes their independence. The plan should contain activities and exercises that help children to develop social, motor, language, and thinking skills. Programs should also provide a variety of experiences designed to encourage exploration and problem-solving, and an awareness of how diverse the world is beyond the home. Daily morning schedule for kindergarten as well as child care should be very similar. The only difference between the two settings is that kindergarten school children tend to arrive all at once while children arrive at child care centers according to their parents’ work schedules. Early childhood education in both kindergarten and child care settings must actively work to provide learning in a nurturing environment that matches the needs of the children. Parents also have active role in this endeavor. Children learn much from the adults around them, not simply from the planned learning opportunities but also from the customs and routines of daily living. The attitudes of the adults and other children and the shared relationships that are formed are as vital to children’s development as the activities in which they are engaged. The goals of the entire child care community, then, must be to encourage and support early childhood professionals to raise standards in our young children’s education. In providing an effective and successful program for early childhood education, our society and our country will reap the rewards of raising disciplined and productive children who will contribute greatly in our communities. References: †¢ Burts, Diane C. ; Hart, Craig H. ; Charlesworth, Rosalind; DeWolf, D. Michele; Ray, Jeanette; Manuel, Karen; & Fleege, Pamela O. (1993). Developmental appropriateness of kindergarten programs and academic outcomes in first grade. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. Vol 8(1), 23-31. †¢ Bredekamp, S. and Copple, S. (eds) (1997). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs (revised edition). Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. †¢ Bredekamp, Sue (ed) (1998). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8. Retrieved from http://www. newhorizons. org/lifelong/childhood/naeyc. html. †¢ Chugani, H. , M. E. Phelps, & J. C. Mazziotta. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology 22 (4): 495 †¢ Curtis, A. (1998). Curriculum for the Pre-School Child, second edition, London and New York:Routledge. †¢ Curtis, A. (1999). Evaluating Early Childhood Programmes: Are we asking the right questions? Paper presented at Early Childhood Conference, Santiago, March 1999. †¢ Edwards, C. , Gandini, L. and Forman, G. (eds) (1998). The Hundred Languages of Children, second edition, London: Ablex Publishing Corporation. †¢ Glascot, Kathleen. (1994). A Problem Theory for Early Childhood Professional. Childhood Education. Proofquest Education Journal, Vol. 70,3,131. †¢ Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Hyson, Marion; & Rescorla, Leslie. (1990). Academic environments in preschool: Do they pressure or challenge young children? Early Education and Development, Vol. 1(6), 401-423. †¢ Hutchins, T. & Sims, M. (1999). Program Planning for Infants and Toddlers: An Ecological Approach. Sydney: Prentice Hall. †¢ University of Illinois, Children’s Research Center. DAP:What Does Research Tell Us?. Retrieved Aug 31 from http://ceep. crc. uiue. edu. †¢ Website of NSW Dept . of Education and Training. Retrieved Aug, 31, 2006 from http://www. curriculumsupport. education. nsw. gov. au/primary/index. html

Behavior of Gases Essay Example for Free

Behavior of Gases Essay Introduction: In this experiment, the problem trying to be solved is what gas laws are being used when the pressure, temperature, and volume are being measured. The three gas laws are Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law. The Boyle’s Law is when volume and pressure are being compared. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional, because when pressure goes up, volume goes down. The Charle’s Law is when volume and temperature are compared. Volume and temperature are also inversely proportional as well. Lastly, Gay-Lussac’s Law is when pressure and temperature are compared. Pressure and temperature are directly proportional; therefore when pressure goes up, temperature also goes up. The formulas are as follows: Boyle’s Law: P2 P1 = P2 V2 Charle’s Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussac’s Law: P1/T1 = P2/T2 Hypothesis: If volume, temperature, and pressure are measured, they will follow the laws and fit under Boyle’s, Charle’s, or Gay-Lussac’s law. Expected Results: It should be expected that when volume and pressure are measured, pressure will go up and volume will go down. When volume and temperature are compared, volume will go up and temperature will go down. Lastly, when pressure andtemperature are measured, pressure will go up as temperature goes up. Experimental Procedure: Part I Connect a 20mL syringe to a LabQuest Select: File New Then, Mode: Change to Events with Entry Next, Enter Name as Volume Enter Units as mL Select OK Start at 10mL on the syringe and wait for the reading to Select Keep Keep at least 6 data points (any of your choice) Only pull the syringe out (making the mL readings higher each time) Stop the Data Collection and view the graph and points Record Part II Place an Erlenmeyer flask in a beaker big enough to fit the flask Connect a temperature apparatus to the Lab Quest and place probe in beaker Then connect the pressure tube to the Lab Quest in channel 2 and connect the other end of the tube with the rubber stopper to the Erlenmeyer flask Select: File New Then Mode: Change to Selected Events Exit In sensors menu, change units to Kelvin Tap graph X-axis: chose temperature Place faucet, room temperature water in the beaker Select Keep Place ice in the beaker Select Keep Place room temperature water in the beaker again and place on a hot plate Wait for the water to boil Place temperature probe and Erlenmeyer flask back in beaker Select Keep Record result from graph and chart Results: VOLUME (mL) PRESSURE 10 103. 27 12 87. 6 14 76. 14 16 67. 5 18 60. 96 20 55. 15 This data and chart is comparing volume and pressure. The graph represents the Boyle’s Law because as the pressure is going up the volume is going down. TYPE OF WATER TEMPERATURE (K) PRESSURE Normal 102. 8 295 Ice 98. 29 275. 4 Boiling 122. 31 357. 4 This data and chart is comparing temperature and pressure. The graph represents Gay-Lussac’s Law because as temperature goes up, pressure goes up as well. Discussion: This experiment went extremely smooth. The data was easy to collect as long as you kept the Lab Quest and tools stable to ensure for accurate readings for temperature, pressure, and volume. The graphs and data easily coincided correctly with the theories of the gas laws, as was shown accessibly once the graphs were made. Although the data coincided with the theories correctly, the temperature readings for freezing and boiling may have not been completely accurate because the temperatures of the water was not measured accurately for correct boiling and freezing temperatures, but recorded solely for the theories and to prove them. Overall, the experiment held up well and the hypothesis and theories were proven to be correct. Behavior of Gases. (2018, Oct 25).

Informative paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Informative - Research Paper Example The aim of this paper is to browse through the various legal aspects of internet governance that help minimize the concerns related to internet. Body Nature of the problem Both the private sector as well as the government sector has become very concerned about cyber security and these concerns have elevated due to various sources. These sources include: Individuals and groups have accepted the importance of internet as it is found to be present in different spheres of human life. Computer systems and information technology related resources have become increasingly dependant on internet. Concern has even elevated because quite frequently, organizations from both the private and the public world report breach of information. Different types of viruses and malwares are spreading and they are becoming quite complex for people from the industry to tackle. Government is continuously involved in the process of conducting investigative operations on the way internet is being used. Various i nternet related attacks conducted throughout the world. Concerns have even stemmed out of activities such as cybercrime which includes: theft of identity, credit card online frauds, illegal pornography, and loss of property that is intellectual in nature. On top of the sources of concern is the concern for privacy of data that is with the government and the private sector. Internet users have increased and almost 32.7% of the world’s population is using internet, but they are unaware of the threats they may face and their awareness of how to avoid such threats is even low in amount (International Business Publications, 2007, p.38). These users are recognized as soft targets and a number of criminal entities can take advantage of them. Those entities that may pose a threat to users include: hackers, government organizations, especially intelligence agencies. The motives behind attacks related to internet includes: economic benefits, attacks conducted for the betterment of the security of the nation and self satisfaction. Responses from international community The international community and the local community have responded in several ways to the threats and the attackers. During the period of 2001, COE (Council of Europe) held a treaty signing session on the subject of cyber terrorism. The meeting focused on three major problems related to cybercrime (Bachmaier, 2010, p.203). These issues included: various kinds of cyber attacks that nations need to address in their laws and regulations, the adoption of these rules and regulations to solve major issues and corporation between nations to solve the issue of cybercrime. The convention has made ample amount of progress and it has been able to add 21 countries to the convention and tried to persuade a total of 30 countries to get into the agreement (Bachmaier, 2010, p.203). During the period of 2010 a UN Crime Congress was held in the area of Salvador, here Brazil tried to get other nations into signing a t reaty to counter cybercrime (Boister, 2012, p.118). Brazil failed to persuade other nations to sign the treaty even though heated discussions took place and problems were discussed in great lengths. The reason due to which agreement was not reached includes concern for rights of humans, national security and other issues. The problematic question in such cases is how to bridge the differences among these nations

Operating Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Operating Systems - Term Paper Example It is a situation where the processor works on multiple jobs at a once, that is, when one of the jobs is waiting for I/O, the processor can switch to other jobs. It enabled the machine to have a stream of continuous input, computation and output on one disk using disks which held larger buffers (Brinch, 2000). It uses the multiprogramming facility to work on multiple jobs which are interactive. The processor time is shared by the multiple users and this aims at reducing the time that is required for a problem to be solved. The system is accessed simultaneously by different users at the same time. It allowed programmers to address memory from logical point of view instead of it being run directly from the hardware (Brinch, 2000). It was first used in the personal computers. These days virtual memory software has been developed to serve the functions that were initially done by the operating system. It has the following features: Differential responsiveness; it enables different classes of job to be discriminated, and Fairness; this is where all processes are given fair and equal access to resources (Johnston, 2005). The operating system is in form of levels. The functions performed by the layers are related to each other. The lower level performs the most primitive work. This structured operating system breaks the problem into sub problems which are manageable (Johnston, 2005). 2. Virtual Memory: Since virtual memory allows programmers to address memory from logical points instead of being run directly from the hardware has led the programmers to come up with the processor which is an operating system that offers administrators to manage systems and or apply scheduling policies to systems. 3. System Structure: This operating system is divided in form of levels whose functions are interrelated. It has an advantage to carry out distinctive functions which are done

Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Civil War - Essay Example law was put forward as a measure to placate the South which was upset over the increasing number of free states and anti-slavery sentiments penetrating the government. The law enforced fines on all law personnel who did not arrest a run slave. Prior to this act, the fugitive slave act of 1793 was in action which demanded the return of run-away slaves from the free states. In other words, it was asking the North which termed slavery illegal to abide by the slavery laws of the South. This was in direct contrast with the Northern sentiments. In many states like Massachusetts that had abolished slavery during the eighteenth century, the idea of returning slaves was met with great resistance. The law was not only dangerous for the run-away slaves but also for the free blacks, people who were born and raised in the Free states. The law could easily be misused and these people could then be shipped to the South having been unjustly termed as run-away slaves. The law was not acceptable to the North as it was asking them to become part of enforcing slavery throughout the country. The intention of this law was exacerbate the ensuing tension between the North and the South, however it further increased the divide. The law gave rise to many abolitionist leader like Frederick Douglas who raised their voice actively against the discrimination. The fugitive slave act was soon followed by the Kansas Nebraska act in the 1854 which further increased the divide. The ultimate blow was however dealt during the Kansas killings when proslavery as well as antislavery supporters flooded from the North as well as the South to cast their votes. The ultimate result of all the chaos and bloodshed was the civil war itself which decided once and for all the fate of slavery in the country. The Civil War can undoubtedly be called as one of the most influential events in American history whose effects helped shape the American nation. It is important to study the causes of an event which is of

Personal development as a strategic manager Dissertation

Personal development as a strategic manager - Dissertation Example Most of these refugees come from Eastern Europe thus the school is characterised with children joining at different times of the year. Because of this attribute the school has a higher number of pupils in the school who require specialist help. My role within the organisation is at a senior level as ‘Reading Consultant, the main duties include, teaching, delivering specialist reading intervention programmes and supporting teaching assistants delivering targeted support to children who are underachieving . My key area of management in this institution is the responsibility to develop Reading throughout the school. My work also involves working closely with parents and the community as well as developing partnerships with local schools. Taking into account the nature, scope and the underlying problems in this primary school it is evident that there is need to adopt specialised skills in order to execute the underlying task and responsibility in this organisation. 1.1. Organizatio n Strategic Direction STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION The goals and objectives of this institution are :- To provide exceptional and inspirational teaching across a broad and intellectually stimulating curriculum. To offer excellent pastoral care in a school that is safe, healthy, secure and environmentally aware. To raise the profile of the school as a centre of academic excellence. To offer all children the opportunity to explore and develop their talents through the provision of extra curricular programme. To optimise the use of the school’s resources including staff, ICT, infrastructure, land and buildings for the benefit of current and future pupils To enhance the school’s facilities for sport, music and the performing arts. To strengthen partnerships with the newly established children’s centre. According to Mintzberg on his research on the roles of strategic manager on the perspective of organisation strategic direction, the categories of strateg ic management roles that he provides includes interpersonal, decisional and informational. It is important for managers to possess the relevant skills and experience to perform the underlying roles. Interpersonal roles mainly involve relationship of managers and the stakeholders within and outside the organization. These roles include being the organisational figurehead in which the acts as a symbolic head with unique status and authority and this involves myself speaking to the community on issues mainly education, and learning matters. Secondly concerns leadership where the subordinates are lead and this may involve indirect interpersonal role which include supporting teaching assistants and overseeing the adherence to the time table. Under this there is liaison where the manager effectively manages the information centre where network skills are enhanced, activities involved are collaborating with the local schools to enhance sharing of resources, expertise and skills. Decisional roles include managers acting as entrepreneur in which they initiate changes that aims at improving the organisational projects at various levels. Disturbances handler is another role where the manager is expected to deal with staff and any form of activity to stabilize the organisation, this include harmonising the learning process among children from various ethnic groups. Strategic managers also make decisions regarding the resource allocation making

Reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reflective account - Essay Example First, this benefitted their company by producing quality service through their specialized skilled laborers. They gained the industry’s acclaim as the Best Large Company Apprenticeship in 2008. Because of their passion for becoming good at what they are doing, they acquired more clients in the business. I personally liked this initiative by the company because if I become part of their company one day, they would support my career and equip me with trainings that would make me an asset to their business. In terms of human resource development, A & P also shows the same level of dedication to their employees well-being. For example, many employees have been with them for the last thirty years. Nowadays, it is rare to see such cases of loyalty because competitors abound in a certain industry. In this case, it seems that A & P has been very good to its employees as well to their families because they remained to work for this company. In fact, a lot of old employees have forecas ted their retirement years with A & P. I was able to ask one of the employees and ask why they remained in this company and he just said† it’s like a family here†. Indeed, this is amazing and makes me interested to work here too. I also noticed that A & P observes strict regulations when it comes to safety. Areas are marked properly as well personal equipment that must be worn to keep them safe. Nothing is scattered that can cause accidents and every material is properly stored and labeled. Because of this, workers feel safe in their work environment and perform with their best effort. Aside from their focus on human resource development, I was impressed by how Pendennis manages its business development under the excellent leadership of Mr.Toby Allies. He is very professional in his dealings and takes the customer’s needs at heart. Even the five sectors under the sales and marketing department are very serious in taking notes of the customer’s commen ts. This just exemplifies good business practice, since they take care of their customers and make them feel valued. Many customers appreciate the ease of communication with the different departments inside the company since their needs or requests are promptly met. This shows that Pendennis is an open organization that is willing to innovate itself by meeting the expectations of its customers. Actually, they even go beyond what is asked of them because they inquire from customers what else they need. From what I saw, it must be exciting to work on one of their sectors and customize solutions that would please the customers. Likewise, it must also be satisfying to do business with this company because my demands would not just be met but also surpassed. Another surprising thing that I learned about Pendennis is that they only accept a number of projects at a time. This demonstrates their ability to focus on current projects instead of aiming to make more profit with many projects. T his may seem sort of a weakness to other companies, but I would appreciate this as a customer. This means that the company is willing to give its full attention to my needs adding more value to their service. In return, I would refer them to other businesses I know that would bring them more clients. Despite these advantages provided by Pendennis, A & P has a leverage when it comes to servicing customers overseas. The staff can travel to any

Coca - Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coca - Cola - Case Study Example While the company is actively using sponsorship as a marketing and promotion tool, the Coca-Cola’s market capitalization has decreased significantly after the death of its CEO, Roberto Coizueta in 1997. While in 2014 market capitalization of the Coca-Cola Company is 183, 99 billion dollars, the Coca-Cola Company has weaker financial position than it had 17 years ago. These values indicate that Coca-Cola Company is an organization aiming to maintain leadership position and also is striving to â€Å"shape a better future† (The Coca-Cola Company, n.d., n.p.). Collaboration value means that the company is focused on people and teamwork. By combining efforts and human resources the company leverages collective genius (The Coca-Cola Company, n.d., n.p.). The company is also promoting the corporate spirit and passion among its employees to the brand. The value of diversity stresses that the company is operating globally, and diversity at workplace and diversity of brands are two integral parts of the business. Also, the value of quality reveals that the company focuses not only on production of high quality products, but also on everything they do. Coca-Cola Company is involved in sponsorship of mega sports events such as the Olympic Games, The Rugby World Cup, the NFL, the Tour de France or Formula 1 for a quite long period of time (Nufer & Buhler 2010). Global sports events such as the Olympics and Rugby World attract people from all over the world and generate the target audience, which Coca-Cola Company is trying to reach, and establish in the minds of these people association of the sport event with the brand of the company (Nufer & Buhler 2010).Therefore, the company uses such events as marketing tools which enable it to improve the image and increase awareness of the company (Nufer & Buhler 2010). Sponsoring of big and attractive sporting events enables Coca-Cola to minimize

Multi Sector Collaborative Project Research Proposal

Multi Sector Collaborative Project - Research Proposal Example This portion of the project introduces the topic. The topic a very brief explanation regarding it should be given in this portion. The topic chosen for study is "to study the effects of the usage of Methamphetamines in Spokane." Excessive usage of Meth by the people is one of the major issues that Spokane has been facing in the recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects that are created by this drug on the social setup of Spokane and the methods to curb the further spreading of this deadly habit among the people. This portion is the introduction of the project. The project and its purpose are to be explained in detail in this portion. An introduction regarding what Methamphetamine is and what influence it had on Spokane is to be enumerated in this portion. Meth is a drug that speeds up the activities of the brain. This drug is normally in the form of powder. It is also available in pills and crystal forms. This drug is mostly used by the youth. This drug affects the central nervous system very badly. Excessive usage of this drug is harmful for human being as it causes many diseases including diseases that are related to the cardiac system. It will also result in higher body temperature. People use this drug through many ways. Smoking, swallowing, inhaling and injecting are some of the methods through which people take in this drug. This drug is used by some others to reduce weight or to boost up their performance. That is usage of this drug will accelerate the working of heart and brain. As a result of which blood flow increases in the body. It is found that excessive usage of this drug has even resulted in death. Hypothesis A hypothesis is any argument made by the researcher that he intends to prove by the results of his study. The hypothesis of this project can be any statement that shows that usage of Meth is harmful. The hypothesis here is "excessive usage of Meth will harm the social setup of Spokane and will also harm the future generations of the society" Objectives of the study This is one of the important components of any project. The objective of the study is the intention of the researcher behind doing a project. The research or project should be carried on by adopting the objectives as the base. The objectives of this project are as follows: To study the impact of excessive usage of meth on the social setup of Spokane. To analyze the impact of court order on the mindset of Meth addicts. Main body Main body of the work is where all the information regarding then topic and all the literature required for conducting the study is listed. In this portion the researcher should gather detailed information regarding the components of the topic of study. The main objective of this project is to analyze the impact of the usage of Meth. The project is being studied on the basis of prevention program that is conducted for many meth addicts of the region. The people who are considered here for prevention program are persons who are charged with drug related offences. The results of the project are based on the prevention program and the additional information gathered from various secondary sources. Spokane is a city located near to Washington. This city is located along the Spokane River. This city is also called Lilac City. Spokane is the second largest populated city in Washington. The

Gmf (Genetically Modified Food) Essay Example for Free

Gmf (Genetically Modified Food) Essay Genetically modified foods is the term most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or ani mal consumption, which have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. Development. GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, genetically modified foods are plant products: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil, but animal products have been proposed. The first commercially grown genetically modified whole food crop was the tomato puree (called FlavrSavr), which was made more resistant to rotting by Californian company Calgene. Currently, th ere are a number of foods of which a genetically modified version exists. What plants are involved? Some foods have been modified to make them resistant to insects and viruses and more able to tolerate herbicides. Crops that have been modified for these purposes, with approval from the relevant authorities, in a number of countries, include: maize, soybean, oilseed rape (canola), chicory, squash, potato. Some of the advantages of GM foods: There is a need to produce inexpensive, safe and nutritious foods to help feed the world’s growing population. Genetic modification may provide: ï‚ · Better quality food. ï‚ · Higher nutritional yields. ï‚ · Inexpensive and nutritious food, like carrots with more antioxidants. ï‚ · Foods with a greater shelf life, like tomatoes that taste better and last longer. ï‚ · Food with medicinal benefits, such as edible vaccines for example, bananas with bacterial or rotavirus antigens. ï‚ · Crops and produce that require less chemical application, such as herbicide resistant canola. Some of the disadvantages of GM foods: Food regulatory authorities require that GM foods receive individual pre-market safety assessments. Also, the principle of ‘substantial equivalence’ is used. This means that an existing food is compared with its genetically modified coun terpart to find any differences between the existing food and the new product. The assessment investigates: ï‚ · Toxicity (using similar methods to those used for conventional foods). ï‚ · Tendency to provoke any allergic reaction. ï‚ · Stability of the inserted gene. ï‚ · Whether there is any nutritional deficit or change in the GM food. ï‚ · Any other unintended effects of the gene insertion. Economic concerns: Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri -biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suici de gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season. How are GM foods labeled? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On th e whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market. If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non -labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory such as; are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non -GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. Conclusion: Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.

Jack Neo Essay Example for Free

Jack Neo Essay A very well-known filmmaker, Jack Neo is a commonly identified name that all Singaporeans will be able to relate to. Besides the 13 films that he has directed and some which he acted in, most Singaporeans will remember him deeply for his comedic cross-dressing role as Liang Po Po and Liang Xi Mei. His productions have certainly managed to capture the hearts of most Singaporeans as they are able to relate with his movies. He is arguably the most successful filmmaker in terms of box office earnings with â€Å"I Not Stupid† earning S. 8million, â€Å"I Not Stupid 2† earning S$4.6million and â€Å"Money No Enough† earning S$5.8million. Beyond earnings, he placed Singapore on the world map by clinching 6 international film awards for â€Å"Homerun† including Best Director at the Montreal Film Festival. The film also led to the Golden Horse Award being awarded to the first Singaporean, Megan Zhang, for Best New Performer. Adding to his tally are the Public Service Medal Award in 2004 and the Arts Cultural Medallion Award in 2005. His influence and achievements in the film industry in Singapore is undeniable and it is probably the most tangible and easily recognizable one. Neo’s films have certain characteristics that audiences can often expect even without reading spoilers. On top of all the laughs and drama, there are usually a couple of hidden messages within the plot. These messages tend be critiques of the government policies. In â€Å"Money No Enough†, Keong who was a mandarin speaking local worker who perhaps was more deserving of a promotion got overlooked because of a new colleague who received overseas education and spoke English. This is an attempt by Neo to stab at the government’s policy of attracting foreign talents who are given preferential treatment. This is shown by the film where Keong, who is more industrious and sincere in the corporate society, was trumped by foreigners. This greatly reflects the struggles of the Chinese-speaking majority in Singapore who feel the sacrifices of the growth and globalization of Singapore. In â€Å"I Not Stupid†, Liu told his son to study hard so that he can be employed in the civil sector where he can earn high wages in the future. His wife then adds ‘Better still, be a minister’. This is a message that might be hard to catch for foreigners but hints at many Singap orean’s sentiments that the ministers are being overpaid. Hard-earned wages are used to supplement the wages of these ministers. Another instance is in the way that Neo portrays the EM3 students in â€Å"I Not Stupid†. The streaming since young by the Singapore education system has often been criticized to be promoting academic elitism where students in lower streams are seen as inferior, and often condemned to a much harder path towards success in society. Neo’s movies are also characterized by the very easily relatable characters that will often coincide with a large number of the population. Every audience would have experienced or know of someone close who experienced something similar. As Neo said, ‘As a director, I like real. Everything in my movie is real’. He could claim that the films were based on true stories and the audience would have bought it. His films are generally family oriented where the male actors reflect the lives of many male white and blue collared Singaporeans, working hard in a harsh society with many obstacles in the way to provide for their family in material terms. The ability to strike a chord with his audiences, many who followed his antics on previous television appearances is a major reason that Neo’s films have been so popular. Love is also a very big part of the films that Neo has made. Parent’s love, sibling’s love and friendship are a large part of his movies where love drives the characters’ actions. For example in â€Å"I Not Stupid†, Kok Pin wanted to commit suicide because he felt unloved whenever his mum caned him. However it was because of love that his mum did it because she wanted him to succeed in society. This in itself sent a message to the audience that the way they loved their children might not be well-received and will often be misinterpreted. The scene encourages parents to communicate more with their children to avoid something similar from happening. In â€Å"Homerun†, it was the brother’s love that led Kiat Kun in a wild goose chase to retrieve his sister’s shoes, and friendship that led to Beng Soon giving new pairs of shoes to Kiat Kun and Seow Fang. Neo’s films also feature a lot of Singlish and Hokkien lines which is one of the most significant part about being a Singaporean. Despite the government’s continuous efforts to drive out Singlish and dialects, Neo embraced it and made them an essential part of his film. The presence of hokkien was also in contrary to what the government was trying to achieve as a ban was carried out on dialect radio and television broadcasts since the 1970s. Singaporeans could easily relate to the Singlish and the dialects in the show and hence propelling it to greater popularity. Neo has so far used a formula of failure, self-realization and success for his films and this might not be realistic in fact. His films however serve as a form of motivation for the struggling Singaporeans who identifies with his films. The happy endings that Neo has been known to produce will give any person the necessary push required to try harder and be rewarded in the end. His recent appearances have been more muted following his scandal in 2010 as he waits for the scandal to be forgotten. The most recent film â€Å"We Not Naughty† has been disappointing compared to the successes of the first few due to the very predictable storyline that gets boring eventually. It is yet to be seen if he will be able to create another success story for himself in the near future. [ 1 ]. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0626090/#Director [ 2 ]. http://www.jteam.com.sg/aboutus/jackneo.asp [ 3 ]. http://www.sinema.sg/2008/07/14/sinema-screens-jack-neos-first-films/ [ 4 ]. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,221199,00.html [ 5 ]. http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/65cc-e.htm

How Tesco Compete in a Highly Competitive Environment

How Tesco Compete in a Highly Competitive Environment Topic of the Research How TESCO compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service Background to the Study The successes of organizations are measured through analysing the productivity of organizations. Productivity of an organization is highly dependent on the market share of the organization where they have the demand for the products of the organization. In a competitive environment having a proper market share is dependent on variety of factors. Accordingly the market share and the demand for the products has become a crucial factor for the success of all organizations. Keeping and growing the market share consistency is a critical factor especially in a very competitive environment. In most situations organizations implement and apply different strategies to ensure that their market share is strong and stabilized. Accordingly they develop magnificent range of market strategies as one method and at the same time different products such as diversifications are introduced to the market. Anyhow having a range of different strategies organizations try to keep and expand their market share. This is a best area where a future manager or a leader should identify and study because as with the totally competitive market today organizations needs to apply different methods to keep their market share. Therefore to become a successful manager it is the duty of a potential manager to gain a magnificent knowledge in this particular area. This knowledge will provide an insight and a proper framework to become a strategic manger in the field of work. Accordingly it was decided to study about the particular field of study on how the organizations become successful in a competitive environment while keeping their market share. When it comes to the study area it should be narrowed down in order to obtain a proper knowledge and skill in the field of studies. Accordingly it was decided to study about how an organization competes in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. Accordingly it was decided to conduct the study for the TESCO PLC. Research Problem and Justification As described earlier it is not just an easier task to compete and survive in a competitive business environment. Therefore it is required to identify how several organizations implement their strategies to compete in a competitive business environment. This is a critical problem where each and every manger should address to identify different strategies implemented by organizations. As per the subject area is too widen at once it is impossible to conduct a research on identifying different strategies of range of organizations. Therefore the best option is selecting a one organization in the competitive market and analyse the different strategies implemented by particular organization. Accordingly it was found that TESCO Plc has become more successful in the business for a long time of period and currently as well in a growing success. At the same time TESCO is in a very competitive market environment where market leaders such as ASDA and Sainsbury are also competing. At the same time TESCO maintains a range of low cost products and still having an extraordinary market share. Considering all these aspects it was decided to conduct the research on Tesco under the following topic, How TESCO compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. This study will provide a comprehensive analysis on how Tesco compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. Objectives of the Study To identify different type of strategies implement to compete in a competitive market To gain an overall knowledge on TESCO To identify the strategies implemented by TESCO to compete in the market Scope and Limitations of the Study The successfulness of Tesco with the competitive market may not only due to the actions done in order to be stable in the market there may be different several reasons which affects for the success of the organization. For an example the long brand image, the quality of the products may be merely the reason for the organizational success in the market. But this study only measures up a particular area which is the impact of strategies of the organization in order to survive in the competitive market. But when come to the actual situation there may be many more reasons which create the demand for the organization. Apart from that this study should not be conducted to a one particular organization; it should be conducted to a range of organizations under the title of affect of organizational strategies to survive in a competitive market with low cost products likewise the study should be expanded to a level where we can do the study for several case studies which will provide a better framework to critically identify the factors behind successful organizations in terms of survival in a competitive market. It will cover a vast area of research study and will provide a better environment to identify the reasons behind organizational success in terms of retaining the market share. But here the scope of this study is limited only to identify the strategies of Tesco in order to be successful in the competitive market. It is true that this scope of study covers a vast area but to be more successful this research study can be expanded to that area. Literature Review The literature review on this study is consisted with two main parts one is identifying about general strategies applied in order to achieve success through having a proper market share and then it is explained the literature on TESCO plc. Tesco was established in 1919 by Mr. Jack Cohen who began the business to sell additional groceries from a stall at the East End of London.C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopuntitled.JPG In 1924 Jack sold out his own-brand product and at that time the first product was Tea production. After that he developed the business by intensifying it as TESCO stores. Accordingly the branches of TESCO were opened United states, Taiwan, China etc and now they have become as a leading chain of supermarkets providing a high class customer service in UK and as well as in outside UK. Following is a SWOT analysis of Tesco Plc. Strengths Weaknesses The business has an Increasing market share. Tesco has held a 13% share of the UK retail market. Successful trade in Insurance, Tesco Personal Finance reached the milestone of one million motor insurance policies in fiscal 2003 Tesco -online Super market- Tesco Provides an online supermarket and it is the worlds major online supermarket and this year the group had sales of over  £577 million High Brand value for the business- The earnings for the operations of this organization has enlarged in 75% covering the countries in Europe, Asia and Ireland in the last fiscal year Has reinforced the UK market leadership- Tesco has developed a unbeaten business strategy that has increased its advantage. Tescos UK sales are now 71% larger than Sainsburys who is a competitor for Tesco Dependence mainly upon the UK market- still mainly dependable on the UK market. 73.8% of there revenue is from there UK market decrease of Debt- Tesco is not predictable to decrease its debt until at least 2006 Opportunities Threats Non-food trade high demand- The growth in Tescos hypermarket format in the UK means that there are prediction of seeing its 13% share of retail sales Increasing demand for Health and beauty- Tescos UK health and beauty ranges go on to grow Further international expansion on the business area-expanded business to Asia Europe structural modify of UK could flash a price war Overseas income could be reduced due to hazards in those countries International growth of competitors The Corporate Strategy of TESCO The fundamental for the corporate strategy of TESCO is to widen the range of the business which can bring strong sustainable long-term growth by following the customer into large growing markets at residents such as financial services, non-food and telecoms and new markets abroad, initially in Central Europe and Asia, and more recently in the United States. Accordingly the strategy of diversify the trade of TESCO was started from 1997 and it became the basis of Tescos success in recent past. The objectives of Tesco corporate strategy are as follows, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To become a unbeaten international retailer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To grow the heart of the business in UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To become powerful in non-food services as in food service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To put up retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To give main concern to the community on what Tesco does. The Strategies of Tesco is based on five main elements as Core UK, Community, Non-food, Retailing services, International. Maintaining UK as the Core Growth in the UK business Tesco is more consider to new spaces, additions to existing stores and a multi-format approach. Sales of non-food, which shapes another key part of their strategy, also add to the overall UK growth picture. Consider about Community They are having Community Plans in each nation which based around their community promises actively behind local communities; buying and selling their products responsibly; caring for the environment; giving customers healthy choices and good jobs for local people and replicates the needs of the local communities they serve. Non Food Business Their strongest range of non-food can be seen in Extra stores and Homeplus, including electrical, home entertainment, clothing, health and beauty, stationery, cook shop and soft furnishings, and seasonal goods such as barbecues and garden furniture in the summer. Retailing Services The Tescos main strategy on this is they consider that their customers are diverse and their needs are changing always. So they try to offer more than one way to shop. Accordingly they are having Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com, and Tesco Telecoms to offer wide range of services. Consideration on International Market Tesco operations operate in 13 markets outside the UK, in Europe, Asia and North America. Their latest strategy is to enter into the Indian market where they have taken first step in last year, by establishing a cash carry business. The above literature covers a vast area on the TESCO which is highly important in doing a research study because in actually without having a proper understanding about the organization it is difficult to study a particular area of the organization. Accordingly after gaining an overall understanding about the organization the following literature has been discussed on strategies done to ensure competitive advantage in general and as well the specific strategies of Tesco to compete in high competitive market. Competitive Advantage Many firms put their fullest attempt to achieve the competitive advantage. Some businesses try to get the competitive advantage by offering lesser prices or providing excellence services or other benefits that rationalize a higher price. But organizations must always try to build the strongest competitive advantage which is a strategy that cannot be simulated by the other companies. Michael Porter (1980) introduces three strategies to accomplish competitive advantage as Cost leadership Differentiation Focus Once the competitive advantage is accomplished it is not the end result, because once accomplish that company should try to retain in that situation. It means the firms should have to be in a sustainable position. The competitive advantage of that stage is sustainable competitive advantage. In order for a firm to reach a sustainable competitive advantage, its broad strategy must be stranded in a quality that meets four criteria. Those are as follows: Valuable -it is of value to consumers. Rare -it is not commonplace or easily obtained. Inimitable -it cannot be easily imitated or copied by competitors. Non-substitutable-consumers cannot or will not substitute another product (Info Abstracted by: Competitive Advantage. Encyclopaedia of Business, 2nd ed. By Dena Waggoner) The following section assesses the different strategies implemented by Tesco in order to compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. The analysis of data and information of Tesco Plc was done by identifying the different faces of brand management and how can that effect to achieve the competitive advantage. As the introduction was given about brand management at the literature review if an organization need to be in a position of sustainable competitive advantage position. That brand should bear following four characteristics. Valuable -it is of value to consumers. Rare -it is not commonplace or easily obtained. Inimitable -it cannot be easily imitated or copied by competitors. Non-substitutable -consumers cannot or will not substitute another product (Info Abstracted by: Competitive Advantage. Encyclopaedia of Business, 2nd ed. By Dena Waggoner) Competitive Advantage strategies of Tesco A company should be strategic enough to assess the possible techniques of brand management and then select the most appropriate and worth enough competitive advantage method. According to Michael Porter differentiation is a one best method of strategic competitive advantage. Differentiation can be done by People differentiation, market differentiation, price differentiation, and product differentiation and so on. In this differentiation accompany should be able to make sure the customer wants, understands, and understands the difference offered. If we get the product differentiation that difference should be significant, unique, superior, communicable, primitive, reasonable, and profitable. Otherwise that variety will not become a competitive advantage and it will be a waste to the organization. When an organization do a differentiation which is important, distinctive, superior, communicable, primitive, affordable, and profitable, it will get popular within the society and immerge as a brand. That is the success of the competitive advantage. So if we get the case study of Tesco Company, it first came out with the Tesco brand in 1924. Today Tesco is known as the British largest retailer by global sales an also domestic market. And as well it is the third largest retailer of the world. So the study of the manner that they are controlling the brand name Tesco in order to achieve the competitive advantage is a good opportunity to gather massive knowledge in this subject area. It was done by studying different viewpoint of brand management in Tesco. Brand value of Tesco: As per the literature embraces on consumer ideas the main reason for this strong brand image is because of the good quality, consistent goods that represent outstanding value. Tescos original ways of improving the customer shopping understanding, as well as its hard work to branch out into finance and insurance have also capitalized on this brand image. Because of this brand value the profits of Tescos operations in Europe, Asia and Ireland enlarged by 78% during the last fiscal year. Their main market base is UK. So the way that they are doing the brand management is as follows. Brand Management of UK Market Base As the prime retailer in the UK, the customer expectation on Tesco is high. So a small failure in upholding the brand image will lose the trust and confidence of the organization. That is why they gained competitive advantage should be sustainable and brand management should be done to retain that. So the consideration of potential risks for the Tescos brand image is extremely important. According to the analysis we can describe they have used the present affecting Tesco brand image of people to expand into new areas such as retail services and non-food and to identify the commercial urgent to do the exact thing for all their stakeholders and evade the loss of such loyalty of people. They are upholding Tescos values at every level and the organizations Code of Ethics guides staffs behaviour in their transactions with customers, employees and suppliers. They try to work out with all the levels stakeholders to get their views and to make sure that the strategies are reflects of the stakeholders. The initiate of the Community Plan in 2006 which was established their pledge to engaging in a wide range of social and environmental issues. Tesco is having eminent level of committees, including the Executive Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee, to guide and monitor their policies. International Brand Management Tesco is having more than ten years of experience in foreign countries; they are using strategy based on six basics in international brand management: Be flexible each market is exceptional and requires a diverse approach Act local local customers, local cultures, local supply chains and local regulations require a modified offer conveyed by local staff Uphold focus on a few countries to be the leading local brand is a long term effort and they believe that it cannot do like growing mushrooms. Use multi-formats no single format can reach the whole of the market. A whole range from convenience to hypermarkets is necessary and they require to take a discounter move towards all the way through Develop ability Its not about scale, its about skill so they want to build that they have enough capability through people, processes systems Build brands brands allow the building of significant continuing relationships with customers. Methodology of the Study The methodology of this research study can be divided into several sections. The first section of the research study deals with the literature review on several aspects, firstly it finds out various articles, definitions, different studies to exactly define about different strategies of organizations applied to compete in a challengeable business environment. After clarify above two from the literature, above broad review of literature has been carried out on TESCO plc starting from its history in to a broad study of organizational products, services, low cost products and strategies. This will be a major part of the literature review which really analyses the literature on organization in analysing its strategies to compete in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. After that comprehensive literature study the questioner survey will be conducted with the clients of the Tesco to find out its impact on strategies. Apart from that a study will be conducted as a direct interview with the senior management of Tesco selecting a proper sample. Conclusion This is a research proposal based on the topic of How TESCO competes in highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. Accordingly this study discusses about the background to the study and the problem of the study and the justification of the study. After that the consideration was given to identify the objectives of the study and then it was discussed the scope of the study and as well the limitations of the study. After identifying the above topics the methodology of the study has been described and after that a comprehensive literature review has been conducted. As a conclusion that this research proposal provides a better and a comprehensive framework to conduct the research study in a meaningful manner. Accordingly it can be elaborated that in the real research study further we can find out more secondary information on the organization and as well on the factors behind successful strategies to become highly competitive environment with low price of products and service. Further the research study can be completed as a study which discusses a wide area on the factors in finding competitive strategies of organizations with fruitful findings to apply for national and international business environment.

Ultrafiltration Process :: ultrafiltration nanofibrous membranes

What exactly do we mean by Ultrafiltration, and for what processes can it be used? Ultrafiltration is a process by which one uses a pressure-driven process utilizing a specific-sized membrane to separate macromolecular weights of a solution, allowing the transfer of the low molecular weight (permeate). Ultrafiltration is exclusively defined by the pore size range (0.1 – 0.001 microns) (Dhawan). Ultrafiltration is used in a wide array of applications, such as food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, drinking water, wastewater and etc. This research review will focus on industrial applications, and transport processes that make ultrafiltration unique, as well as the industry standard for separation. The rapid development of ultrafiltration for industrial processes is possible by the advent of anisotropic, high-flux membranes capable of distinguishing among molecular sizes of 10 A to 10  µ size ranges (Porter, 1972). The high molecular solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where the feed of the material you want to separate enters, and where the permeate (ultrafiltrate), and retentate exits. In different industrial processes one may want to retain the permeate, retentate, or combination of both. Mass Balance, Momentum Balance and Flux Figure 1: Flows and fluxes in a hollow fiber for ultrafiltration (Yeh, 2009) Let us take a closer look at what drives ultrafiltration from a mathematical point of view. In Figure 1, the feed solution is being driven by a volumetric flow rate (qi/Ni), pressure (∆Pi), and concentration (Ci). This feed solution produces a mass balance which results in the flux (J) vs fiber (dz): (Yeh, 2009) The momentum balance must be accounted for also: (Yeh, 2009) It can be presumed that the volumetric flow rate will be reduced similarly to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, due to the laminar flow within the tube in Yeh, H. experiment in 2009, he takes into account convection as well as mass, and momentum balance: (Yeh, 2009) Equation 3 assumes that the volumetric flow rate is relatively large compared to that of the permeation rate. This occurs mainly in an exponential model along the membrane tube. This model simply states that when working with a pressure-drive ultrafiltration process, as pressure is increased, a ceiling (limiting) flux will occur regardless of increasing the pressure. We know that the relationship between membrane pressure (∆Ï ) and the permeate flux leads us to the following conclusion (Yeh, 2009).

Essay --

Love, one of the biggest aspects of human nature, affects everyone in different ways. In the novel by Stephen Chbosky, â€Å"the Perks of Being a Wallflower,† the main character Charlie, negatively affected by his loving relationship with his aunt Helen, develops many social issues. The novel, a coming of age story about overcoming many obstacles as a teenager, follows the main character, Charlie, and the challenges he faces. Throughout the story, Charlie struggles with the loss of his beloved aunt. When he begins High school, he has a harder time than the typical teenager for many reasons. His close relationship with his beloved aunt is the source of his companionship issues, depression, and insecurities. As a result of Charlie’s relationship with his aunt Helen, he develops companionship issues after her death. Having had such a close relationship with her, her passing greatly affects his relationships with other people. A shy, timid, and somewhat anti-social Charlie fears getting close to somebody again after his closest friend has passed. His inability to make friends shows when he t...

Detailed Overview of HIV Essay -- Biology AIDS

Since the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic 15 years ago, the virus has infected more than 47 million people in the world. With more than 2.2 million deaths in 1998, HIV/AIDS has now become the fourth leading cause of mortality and its impact is going to increase. Over 95% of all cases and 95% of AIDS deaths occur in the developing world, mostly among young adults and increasingly in women. HIV can be prevented in many ways, but they are not always followed. People die when they don't play it safe. That's why we have to spread the word on prevention. There are three main ways that HIV can be spread: 1. sexual intercourse 2. intravenous drugs 3. blood transfusions (which are very rare now because all blood is tested) HIV is spreading like wild fire among adolescents because they don't believe it can happen to them. Sixty-one percent of 14-21 year olds are engaged in sexual intercourse. The problem we have to deal with is the spreading of this disease among our generation. Scientists are trying to develop a cure for the AIDS virus. There are three parts to finding the cure. The three parts are: 1. To devise a drug that will kill the HIV virus once it enters the body. 2. To create a vaccine that would prevent the disease. 3. To educate people world wide about the dangers of AIDS and how to prevent the HIV infection. In humans, the immune system acts as a line of defense against foreign organisms in the body. Though the immune system functions throughout the body, its production centers from certain key organs in the body. Various specialized cells are produced by these organs and comprise the immune system. For example: * Lymphocytes o B Cells o T Cells * Macropha... ...CR5. The CCR5 demonstrated fusion for all of the macrophages-tropic isolates but hardly at all for the T-tropic isolates, further supporting previous conclusions on the role of CCR5. Finally the researchers took a northern blot of CCR5 to analysis its RNA. CCR5 RNA was not found in the human cell lines that were tested. The human cell lines were chosen with the criteria that they were not susceptible to M-tropic isolates. Their test further supported the fact that Fusin was used as a receptor for T-tropic virus strains, and when the two strains were compared CCR5 and Fusin are the only fusion cofactors for HIV. Understanding these coreceptors is very important in slowing down the progression of the HIV virus. The HIV virus is irreversible and can only be slowed down. If they can learn more about how the virus enters cells they might be able to deter the virus.

Freedom VS Security Essay

Many theories and assumptions have been fabricated upon the basis of man’s desires and beliefs. H. L. Mencken wrote, â€Å"The average man does not want to be free, only to be safe. † However, this observation does not correlate with what has been witnessed over the course of contemporary society. Since the 18th century, man has sacrificed safety for a reward that is much more paramount, freedom. Patrick Henry, an orator for freedom in the middle to late 1700’s, knew that liberty was a vital necessity in every man’s life, and that one must do whatever it takes, including sacrificing their security, in order to achieve it. In his speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses, he is most memorably quoted for his concluding antithesis, â€Å"Give me liberty, or give me death! † Henry conveyed to his audience, as well as the entire nation, that freedom is a virtue worth dying for. Mencken’s allegation fails to attribute this instance, even though Patrick Henry was able to convince a whole nation that their liberty was worth dying for. In the past we have had many examples of security vs. freedom. During the civil war we had soldiers and people fighting to be free. They risked their own life everyday stepping out on the battle field just so they could have their own rights. This also happens in the American Revolution; people fight and risk their lives for freedom. Many events in history show how much people truly care about their freedom. Our Founding Fathers created this nation so we wouldn’t have to be living in a society full of regulation. Freedom vs. Security is a non-stop debate in our country. However, freedom is unalienable. Freedom is what keeps the common man happy. Freedom allows us to treat every day as a new day, knowing that we can do and accomplish anything because we are free. On the other hand, while safety is what keeps man calm and secure, it is not what our nation thrives off of. Security is a blanket, while freedom is a threshold. Therefore it is desired, while security is expected. No man cries out for safety, but the same cannot be said about freedom. Freedom gives us hope and excitement, while security gives assurance. Both are essential, yet only one is craved. Mencken’s presumption of what man wants, and what man deserves are in disarray. Freedom is everything, and not even safety can over shadow it.

Locke’s Second Treatise of Government Essay

Introduction In this essay, I would like to discuss Locke’s Second Treatise of Government section 131. This essay is divided into four parts. In the first part, I would like to interpret what Locke’s position is developed in section 131 and in the next part, I would like to discuss how Locke supports this position by tracing back to the origin of government. Then in the third part, I would like to point out some flaws in this position by arguing evidences provided by Locke to support his position. The last part of my essay is the conclusion. Locke’s Position in Section 131 In section 131, Locke explained that the ultimate aim of uniting a society is to protect the security and property of the people and developed the position that the society should never extend its power farther than the common good of citizens because its supreme power is originated from the consent of people. In a word, according to Locke, the society is obligated to secure their property and is limited by the consent of people. In order to prove the limits of the government, Locke traces back to the origin of government: why man is willing to give up his freedom and subject himself to the dominion of a commonwealth instead of staying in the state of nature where he has right to everything. Three Inconveniences in the State of Nature According to Locke, for a rational man, the reason why man is willing to surrender their rights, though man has right to do anything without being affected by the will of others within the law of nature in the state of nature is the uncertainty of his preservation. The enjoyment is unsafe. Because man is partial to his own interest and is lacking awareness of the law of nature ‘That being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions’ (Chapter 2, Section 6) and there are probably continual invasions of others. As a result of this, there are three inconveniences under those circumstances. The first inconvenience is that there are no such established and well-known laws which can be used as the standard to judge what is right and what is wrong so that everyone is uncertain about their future and their property including their security, estate and possession etc. Or if there is a united society, The second one is that there is no popular and indifferent judge to rigidly distinguish between right and wrong by the established law. Everyone can be the judge himself in the state of nature, but they always tend to bias to themselves, their friends and families. The third one is that there is no power to ensure the punishment. In the state of nature, everyone has the right to punish whoever breaks the law of nature. According to Locke, it is executive power. But that may put them in a dangerous situation so that the punishment is hard to be carried out. The origin of the Government According to Locke, due to all these defects in the state of nature, people were thinking about uniting a commonwealth. Surrendering their rights to a sovereign which can use the supreme power to protect them is a remedy. The right of government comes from its subjects, and the government can never override them. Locke’s Solutions to Restrict the Power of the Government and My argument From my perspective, I think Locke’s position on the limits of government seems kind of idealistic. The biggest question is how citizens can ensure that after the government gains the supreme power, it does what it is expected to do as original intention. Political power has a character to expand itself. If there is no limit of power of the sovereign, even though he is a man who has a good virtue, it is still uncertain that he governs the society following the law without any extemporary decrees all the time. Hence, Locke provides three solutions to restrict the power of the government. There might be some fIaws in them. I would like discuss all of them below step by step. The first solution that Locke provides is that the government is limited by the law established by the consent of the majority. When the sovereign rules the state, he must obey the laws which made by the majority rather than govern it by his own will. â€Å"And so whoever has the legislative or supreme power of any commonwealth, is bound to govern by established standing laws, promulgated and known to the people, and not by extemporary decrees† (Chapter 9, Section 131) From my perspective, obviously there is no coercive power to guarantee that the government is run by the law except revolution (I will it discuss in the third point.) Moreover, it is also questionable whether there exists such kind of law which is able to represent the common good indeed. Even in our times when the legal system is more developed than the times when Locke lived, a large number of flaws can be found in our laws. Locke argues that laws can be updated. But no matter how up-to-date the law is, it still cannot cover everyone’s interest. The universal of controversy cannot be avoided as long as people are in the different situation. Locke himself admitted that when man enters into a society, he gives up his equality â€Å"when they enter into society, give up the equality†. (Chapter 9, Section 131) As there are different classes of citizens, they must have some different interests, which make them in different statuses of society. There is no contradiction unless there is no difference among people. Even that we are equal before the law, we cannot be protected by the laws equally. For instance, is a person is too poor to afford a lawyer, when his right is impaired, he cannot protect his right by law means and if a person has not studied laws, his property might be invaded without knowing it. If the inconvenience is caused by the ignorance, there is no distinct difference between the state of nature and the commonwealth. Furthermore, if there are conflicting interests between a person and the government, it will be in a dilemma. In this situation, if the person protects his own interest by law, interests of government will be impaired. And in the long run that may lead to the impairment of interests of more  people even include the first man who tried to protect his interests by law. Locke may argue that in his second method that he advocates the division of political power and that he divides supreme power into three: legislative, executive and foreign power. What the government has is just executive power. The parliament has right to making law. And the government is run by the law. How can it do beyond the law? Moreover, the legislative power which belongs to citizens is always higher than executive power. It is one of the greatest contributions of Locke that he advocates to make legislative and executive powers apart, but in comparison to three individual powers: legislative, executive powers and judicial review in political system today are employed, like the United State of America, It is not hard to find out the lack of judicial review in Locke’s theory. Locke only divided legislature and executive branches. It seems that the structure of the government created by Locke is less developed than that of today. Without judicial review, the balance of power is weaker. Even our modern society in which there judicial system exists, the administration tends to gain power from time to time. For example, under the circumstance that judicial review exists, it seems that the strength of the president becomes stronger and stronger in the US. Moreover, Locke thinks that legislature could be formed of not only representatives but also the noble or a single hereditary person who has an executive power. â€Å"Let us suppose then the legislative placed in the concurrence of three distinct persons. 1. A single hereditary person, having the constant, supreme, executive power, and with it the power of convoking and dissolving the other two within certain periods of time. 2. An assembly of hereditary nobility. 3. An assembly of representatives chosen, pro tempore, by the people.† (Chapter 16, Section 213) That weakens the strength of legislative further. Even though those two solutions cannot completely ensure the government is run in the right way, Locke provides the third solution that people can take back their rights that they gave to the government by revolution and transfer rights to another sovereign if the government breaks the law of  nature. However, another problem may rise. There is the limit of revolution that Locke provides. According to Locke, the revolution could be legimate only carried out by the majority. What if what the government did is just harmful to the interest of the minority? Can the government united with the majority benefit from the minority by abusing their rights? The only thing that they can do is bearing subject themselves under the exploit. I do not think that Locke himself would like to become one of the minority members in that situation. Sometimes the good of the majority is not necessary the good of the minority. That is also an action of beyond the common good. It can be imagined that the consequence of benefit from doing harm to a small group of people is no difference with a political system of tyranny. In conclusion, Locke supports his statement that the government can only do the common good and never override citizens by tracing back the origin of the government. Because of three inconveniences in the state of nature, people are willing to transfer their rights to a government. The right of government comes from the consent of people, so it can never extend farther. And Locke provides three means to limit the power of government. However, I suggest that there might be some difficulties to carry out these measures. There is no such coercive power to compel the government to play its role by laws. Furthermore, there is a doubt if such kind of laws representing the common good existing. And there is no judicial review to decide whether and when actions break the law. The action of revolutions does not working all the time. The rule of revolution Locke provided may be the legitimate basis of putting the minority in the tyranny of the majority. But in any case, Locke’s theory shows us the end of the society and the idea, the balance of power, and directs us to think about the way to improve the political system and make it more democratic.